ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on blood glucose levels at diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obstetric/neonatal outcomes. Subjects and methods: Retrospective cohort study including 462 women with GDM and singleton pregnancy delivered in our institution between January 2015 and June 2018 and grouped according to BMI/GWG. Results: The diagnosis of GDM was more likely to be established in the 1st trimester (T) in women with obesity than in normal-weight (55.8% vs 53.7%, p = 0.008). BMI positively and significantly correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels in the 1stT (rs = 0.213, p = 0.001) and 2ndT (rs = 0.210, p = 0.001). Excessive GWG occurred in 44.9% women with overweight and in 40.2% with obesity (p < 0.001). From women with obesity, 65.1% required pharmacological treatment (p < 0.001). Gestational hypertension (GH) was more frequent in women with obesity (p = 0.016). During follow-up, 132 cesareans were performed, the majority in mothers with obesity (p = 0.008). Of the 17 large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birthweight delivered, respectively 6 and 9 were offsprings of women with overweight and obesity (p = 0.019). Maternal BMI had a predictive value only for macrosomia [aOR 1.177 (1.006-1.376), p = 0.041]. BMI and GWG positively correlated with birthweight (rs = 0.132, p = 0.005; rs = 0.188, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Maternal obesity is related with a major probability of diagnosis of GDM in 1stT, fasting hyperglycemia in 2ndT and a more frequent need for pharmacological therapy. Pre-gestational obesity is associated with GH, cesarean delivery and fetal macrosomia.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on blood glucose levels at diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obstetric/neonatal outcomes. Subjects and methods: Retrospective cohort study including 462 women with GDM and singleton pregnancy delivered in our institution between January 2015 and June 2018 and grouped according to BMI/GWG. Results: The diagnosis of GDM was more likely to be established in the 1st trimester (T) in women with obesity than in normal-weight (55.8% vs 53.7%, p = 0.008). BMI positively and significantly correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels in the 1stT (rs = 0.213, p = 0.001) and 2ndT (rs = 0.210, p = 0.001). Excessive GWG occurred in 44.9% women with overweight and in 40.2% with obesity (p < 0.001). From women with obesity, 65.1% required pharmacological treatment (p < 0.001). Gestational hypertension (GH) was more frequent in women with obesity (p = 0.016). During follow-up, 132 cesareans were performed, the majority in mothers with obesity (p = 0.008). Of the 17 large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birthweight delivered, respectively 6 and 9 were offsprings of women with overweight and obesity (p = 0.019). Maternal BMI had a predictive value only for macrosomia [aOR 1.177 (1.006-1.376), p = 0.041]. BMI and GWG positively correlated with birthweight (rs = 0.132, p = 0.005; rs = 0.188, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Maternal obesity is related with a major probability of diagnosis of GDM in 1stT, fasting hyperglycemia in 2ndT and a more frequent need for pharmacological therapy. Pre-gestational obesity is associated with GH, cesarean delivery and fetal macrosomia.

No momento que as crianças se tornam adolescentes, colegas assumem uma importância maior em suas vidas. Experiências com os colegas podem ajudá-los a prosperar ou, ao contrário, prejudicar o seu ajustamento psicossocial. Este artigo de revisão primeiro fornece definições para os tipos de experiências entre pares, em seguida dá uma visão geral das principais questões psicossociais enfrentadas pelos adolescentes e, finalmente, analisa pesquisas anteriores que apontaram risco e fatores de proteção emergentes das experiências entre pares durante a adolescência. A pesquisa sugere que as amizades com pares desviantes, envolvimento em atos de bullying, e a experiência da rejeição do grupo global de pares são relacionados com problemas de adaptação, enquanto amizades com colegas pró-sociais, orientação acadêmica e aceitação social do grupo de pares são relacionadas com um desenvolvimento saudável. Amizade de qualidade, popularidade entre os pares e envolvimento em panelinhas de amizade não podem ser claramente classificados como influências positivas ou negativas, porque interagem com outros fatores na formação do desenvolvimento dos adolescentes.

As children become adolescents, peers assume greater importance in their lives. Peer experiences can either help them thrive or negatively affect their psychosocial adjustment. In this review article definitions for the types of peer experiences are provided followed by an overview of common psychosocial issues encountered by adolescents. Past research that has pointed to risk and protection factors that emerge from peer experiences during adolescence and the role of peer influences in the context of current issues relevant to adolescent education are discussed. Research suggests that friendships with deviant peers, involvement in bullying and the experience of rejection from the overall peer group are related to adjustment problems, whereas friendships with prosocial and academically oriented peers and social acceptance in the peer group are related to healthy development. Friendship quality, popularity among peers, and involvement in friendship cliques cannot be clearly categorized as either positive or negative influences, because they interact with other factors in shaping the development of adolescents. The promotion of social skills and positive youth leadership as an integral part of the student's learning process in school is recommended.

No momento que as crianças se tornam adolescentes, colegas assumem uma importância maior em suas vidas. Experiências com os colegas podem ajudá-los a prosperar ou, ao contrário, prejudicar o seu ajustamento psicossocial. Este artigo de revisão primeiro fornece definições para os tipos de experiências entre pares, em seguida dá uma visão geral das principais questões psicossociais enfrentadas pelos adolescentes e, finalmente, analisa pesquisas anteriores que apontaram risco e fatores de proteção emergentes das experiências entre pares durante a adolescência. A pesquisa sugere que as amizades com pares desviantes, envolvimento em atos de bullying, e a experiência da rejeição do grupo global de pares são relacionados com problemas de adaptação, enquanto amizades com colegas pró-sociais, orientação acadêmica e aceitação social do grupo de pares são relacionadas com um desenvolvimento saudável. Amizade de qualidade, popularidade entre os pares e envolvimento em panelinhas de amizade não podem ser claramente classificados como influências positivas ou negativas, porque interagem com outros fatores na formação do desenvolvimento dos adolescentes.

As children become adolescents, peers assume greater importance in their lives. Peer experiences can either help them thrive or negatively affect their psychosocial adjustment. In this review article definitions for the types of peer experiences are provided followed by an overview of common psychosocial issues encountered by adolescents. Past research that has pointed to risk and protection factors that emerge from peer experiences during adolescence and the role of peer influences in the context of current issues relevant to adolescent education are discussed. Research suggests that friendships with deviant peers, involvement in bullying and the experience of rejection from the overall peer group are related to adjustment problems, whereas friendships with prosocial and academically oriented peers and social acceptance in the peer group are related to healthy development. Friendship quality, popularity among peers, and involvement in friendship cliques cannot be clearly categorized as either positive or negative influences, because they interact with other factors in shaping the development of adolescents. The promotion of social skills and positive youth leadership as an integral part of the student's learning process in school is recommended.

La enfermedad oncológica está impregnada de un carácter estigmatizante sentida por el usuario y su familia que, asociado a incertidumbres de pronóstico, provoca sufrimiento, planteando interrogantes respecto a la Calidad de Vida (QV) de los individuos. Con el fin de comprender cuál es el impacto de la gastrectomía en usuarios con carcinoma gástrico (nutrición versus calidad de vida), su influencia en la satisfacción del autocuidado y el papel del enfermero a lo largo del proceso de transición salud-enfermedad se efectuó una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura (RSL), sin meta-síntesis y sin metanálisis. Se siguió la metodología PI[C]OD - Participantes; Intervenciones; [Comparaciones]; Resultados; Diseño del estudio - para la elaboración de la pregunta de investigación y definición de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de los estudios recogidos siendo que, los doce que constituyeron la muestra fueron analizados, interpretados y sintetizados. De ese análisis pudo concluirse que la nutrición se traduce en un beneficio cuando es iniciada precozmente y que conlleva a una mejora de la Calidad de Vida. El enfermero funciona como elemento facilitador en el proceso, promoviendo la autonomía e independencia necesarias para satisfacer las necesidades, exprimidas o sentidas, de autocuidado. En Portugal, ha surgido la necesidad de reconocer la importancia de la variable nutrición en la minimización del impacto de la cirugía por carcinoma gástrico y de desarrollar estudios en este ámbito, transponiendo los resultados a la práctica.

A doença oncológica reveste-se de um carácter estigmatizante, sentida pelo utente e sua família que, associada a incertezas de prognóstico, provocam sofrimento, levantando questões ao nível da Qualidade de Vida (QV) dos indivíduos. Com a finalidade de compreender qual o impacto da gastrectomia em utentes com carcinoma gástrico (nutrição versus QV), a sua influência na satisfação do autocuidado e o papel do enfermeiro, ao longo do processo de transição saúde-doença efectuou-se uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura (RSL), sem meta-síntese e sem metanálise. Foi seguida a metodologia PI[C]OD - Participantes; Intervenções; [Comparações]; Outcomes; Desenho do estudo - para a elaboração da pergunta de investigação e definição dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos estudos recolhidos, sendo que, doze constituíram a amostra: foram analisados, interpretados e sintetizados. Dessa análise pode concluir-se que a nutrição se traduz num benefício quando iniciada precocemente traduzindo-se numa melhoria da QV. O enfermeiro funciona como elemento facilitador no processo, promovendo a autonomia e independência necessárias para satisfazer as necessidades, expressas ou sentidas, de autocuidado. Em Portugal, surge a necessidade de reconhecer a importância da variável nutrição na minimização do impacto da cirurgia por carcinoma gástrico e desenvolver estudos neste âmbito transpondo os resultados para a prática.

Cancer has a stigmatizing nature felt by the sufferer and his familie, associated with the uncertainty of prognosis, causing suffering, and raising issues of the Quality of Life (QOL) of individuals. In order to understand the impact on those having gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma (nutrition versus QOL), its influence on satisfaction with self-care and the nurse’s role during the health-disease transition process, a Systematic Literature Review (RSL) was conducted, without meta-synthesis and without meta-analysis. The PI[C]OD methodology - Participants; Interventions; [Comparisons]; Outcomes, Study design - was used to develop the research question and to define the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies identified, with twelve forming the sample; analysis, interpretation and summary were conducted. From this analysis it can be concluded that nutrition is beneficial when started early, leading to improvement in QOL. The nurse acts as a facilitator in the process, promoting autonomy and independence, to satisfy the needs, expressed or perceived, for self-care. In Portugal, there is a need to recognize the importance of nutrition in minimizing the impact of surgery for gastric carcinoma and to carry out studies in this area to transfer the results into practice.